Sun Exposure

Ultraviolet (UV) rays are an invisible form of radiation. They can pass through your skin and damage your skin cells. Sunburns are a sign of skin damage. Suntans aren't healthy, either. They appear after the sun's rays have already killed some cells and damaged others. UV rays can cause skin damage during any season or at any temperature. They can also cause eye problems, wrinkles, skin spots, and skin cancer.

To protect yourself :

• Stay out of the sun when it is strongest (between 10 a.m. and 2 p.m.)
• Use sunscreen with an SPF of 15 or higher
• Wear protective clothing
• Wear wraparound sunglasses that provide 100% UV ray protection
• Avoid sunlamps and tanning beds

Check your skin regularly for changes in the size, shape, color, or feel of birthmarks, moles, and spots. Such changes are a sign of skin cancer.

Food and Drug Administration

Testicular Disorders

Testicles, or testes, make male hormones and sperm. They are two egg-shaped organs inside the scrotum, the loose sac of skin behind the penis. It's easy to injure your testicles because they are not protected by bones or muscles. Men and boys should wear athletic supporters when they play sports.

You should examine your testicles monthly and seek medical attention for lumps, redness, pain or other changes. Testicles can get inflamed or infected. They can also develop cancer. Testicular cancer is rare and highly treatable. It usually happens between the ages of 15 and 40.

Uterine Diseases

What are uterine diseases?

The uterus, or womb, is the place where a fetus grows during pregnancy. Uterine diseases are conditions that affect the uterus. These diseases can be benign (not cancer) or malignant (cancerous). They may affect your menstrual periods, your ability to get pregnant, or the health of your reproductive organs.

Some types of uterine diseases include:

• Adenomyosis. Tissue that usually lines the uterus grows on the outside walls.
• Cervicitis. Swelling or inflamed tissue of the cervix. The cervix is the lower part of the uterus.
• Endometrial hyperplasia. An overgrowth of normal cells inside the uterus.
• Endometriosis. Tissue like the lining of the uterus grows in other places in your body.
• Uterine prolapse. The uterus drops in to the vagina due to weakened pelvic muscles. This can happen after a few vaginal births, menopause, or because of obesity.

Various factors can cause uterine diseases. These can include hormonal imbalances, thyroid problems, fibroids, polyps, cancer, infection, or pregnancy.

Your symptoms will depend on the type of uterine condition you have. The first sign of a problem with the uterus may be abnormal bleeding. Bleeding could occur between periods, be very heavy, or last much longer than usual. Other symptoms may include bleeding after sex or pelvic pain.

To find out the cause of your symptoms, your health care provider may:

• Ask about your symptoms and medical history
• Do a pelvic exam
• Order blood tests or imaging tests
• Do a biopsy

Treatment depends on the cause. It may include pain medicine, hormone therapy, or surgery. Your provider will work with you to choose the best treatment.

Uterine Fibroids

What are uterine fibroids?

Uterine fibroids are the most common noncancerous (benign) tumors in women of childbearing age. You may have uterine fibroids and not even know it since they often don't cause any symptoms. Fibroids are made of muscle cells and other tissues that grow in and around the wall of the uterus, or womb. They can vary in number and size and grow as one tumor or in clusters.

Many women with fibroids can get pregnant with no problems. However, some uterine fibroids could cause infertility (not being able to get pregnant), pregnancy loss, or problems with fetal development or delivery.

If you're a female and the age when you're usually able to get pregnant and give birth, you could develop fibroids. Some factors may increase your risk of having uterine fibroids. These can include:

• Age. Women who are older have a higher risk.
• Race/ethnicity. Black/African American women often have fibroids at a younger age. They're also more likely to have larger fibroids with worse symptoms.
• Family history. If your mother or sister had uterine fibroids.
• Other factors. If you started your period before age 10 or have never been pregnant.
• Certain medical conditions. These include obesity or vitamin D deficiency.

Your risk of getting uterine fibroids lowers with each pregnancy and with long-term use of birth control pills or shots.

No one knows what causes uterine fibroids. A few things that might play a part in getting uterine fibroids include genetics and growth hormones. Also, other hormones like estrogen and progesterone seem to help fibroids grow. These hormones cause the tissue lining inside the uterus to thicken during each menstrual cycle to prepare for pregnancy.

Many women with fibroids have no symptoms. If you do, the type of symptoms may be due to location, size, and number of fibroids. Symptoms may include:

• Heavy or painful periods or bleeding between periods
• Feeling "full" in the lower abdomen (belly)
• Urinating (peeing) often
• Pain during sex
• Lower back pain
• Problems getting pregnant, multiple miscarriages, or early labor while pregnant

You may not know that you have uterine fibroids unless you have symptoms. Or your health care provider may find the fibroids during a pelvic exam, or with imaging tests.

Uterine fibroids might be very small, or in extreme cases, they may grow large enough to make it appear like a pregnancy.

If you have no symptoms, you may not even need treatment. If you have symptoms, the treatment for uterine fibroids depends on many factors. These can include:

• Your symptoms.
• Your age. Sometimes fibroids shrink during and after menopause due to a drop in hormone levels.
• The location, type, and size of fibroids.
• If you are pregnant or want to get pregnant in the future.

Treatment may include medicines that can slow or stop fibroid growth. Surgery, such as a hysterectomy (removal of the uterus), may be considered if you are near or past menopause, your fibroids are very large or cause heavy bleeding.

If you are having trouble getting pregnant, your provider may discuss infertility treatments. They may also recommend an emotional support group if you have chronic symptoms or difficulties getting pregnant or maintaining a pregnancy.

NIH: National Institute of Child Health and Human Development

Vaginal Diseases

Vaginal problems are some of the most common reasons women go to the doctor. They may have symptoms such as:

• Itching
• Burning
• Pain
• Abnormal bleeding
• Discharge

One common problem is vaginitis, an inflammation of the vagina. Other problems that affect the vagina include sexually transmitted infections (STIs), vaginal cancer, and vulvar cancer. Treatment of vaginal problems depends on the cause.